Universal 281 Uni-Compax

	Brand:	Universal
	Family:	Universal 281 Family
	Height:	5.50 mm
	Jewels:	17
	Reserve:	36 hours
	Frequency:	18,000 A/h
	Winding:	Hand winding
	Diameter:	27.80 mm (12.25 ligne)
	Complications:	2-Button, 8-Column Chronograph, Chronograph, Column Wheel Chronograph
	Hands:	30 Minute Chronograph Hand at 3:00, 45 Minute Chronograph Hand at 3:00, Central 60 Second Chronograph Hand, Central Hour Hand, Central Minute Hand, Small Seconds Hand at 9:00

Distinguishing Technical Characteristics
Hand-Winding Clockwise Balance Cock 8-Column Chronograph Balance Balance at 12:00 Column Wheel Column Wheel at 6:00
Production: 1932 – 1970
1910s	1920s	1930s	1940s	1950s	1960s	1970s	1980s	1990s	2000s	2010s	2020s

Universal Cal. 281 is a hand-winding 12.25 ligne chronograph movement.

Many of the Universal Cal. 281 family were produced in different versions: The basic “Compur” or “Uni-Compax” movement features only a 30 or 45 minute chronograph counter and small seconds with two subdials, the “Compax” or “Bi-Compax” version adds a 12 hour counter with three subdials, and the “Tri-Compax” includes a full calendar and moon phase with four subdials. The “Compax” naming scheme is often confused today, with two-subdial versions often called “bi-compax” and three-subdial configurations “tri-compax” even though this is incorrect.

All Universal movements were produced in the Pellaton family factory in Les Ponts-de-Martel near Le Locle in Canton Neuchâtel. As of 1942, Universal president Raoul Pellaton was president of the company, and the factory bore the name “Universal”, but it remained an independent business. After Universal divested from the factory in the 1950s, Zenith purchased it.

Universal was also unusual in using the same name for movements with various complications. There were only three basic movements in the “golden age” Universal chronograph family: Cal. 281 (12”’ and larger), Cal. 285 (14”’ and larger), and Cal. 289 (10.5”’). Larger-diameter versions of each were numbered differently (e.g. 281, 381, 283, 383, 481) regardless of whether they featured a minute totalizer only (“Uni-Compax” of “X”), an hour counter (“Compax” or “AX”), a date (“Dato-Compax” or “DX”), or a full calendar (“Tri-Compax” or “TX”). The calibre number corresponds only to the diameter and hairspring used.

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